I’m unemployed with no health insurance. Will I owe a penalty because of the individual mandate?

The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act ended the penalty for not having minimum essential health coverage starting in 2019 (not for 2018). However, an individual without coverage in 2018 may be able to escape the penalty by claiming an exemption. Some must be requested from CMS; others directly on the tax return. Check the IRS website (https://www.irs.gov/affordable-care-act/individuals-and-families/aca-individual-shared-responsibility-provision-exemptions) for more details.