The IRS ruled that bitcoins and other cryptocurrencies are property, not currency. As such, you determine gain or loss in the same was as any other type of property. Compare what you paid for the bitcoins and what you received on the sale (making adjustments for commissions, etc.).
IRA-type plan set up by an employer, rather than the employee. Salary-reduction contributions may be allowed to plans of small employers set up before 1997.